A Provocative Remark About Evolution Korea
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is searching for an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. But there are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They also established tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They also traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan, as well as styles of art and a written language and paper making.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were responsible to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves lined with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are common in the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era the development paradigm of the country appears to be in flux. The people who are affronted by the immense cost of the old system advocate an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system seek to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job loss.
Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses the latest developments by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies key factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the funds and support to put up a small museum on campus showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to children in schools and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments of music.
Korea's new development model is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline strategies that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion read more of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.